Recycle This!

Just because there's a nifty recycle symbol on the bottom of the container doesn't mean that it is recyclable. That's the bad news. Of course at BFI they don't really like to tell you that. "Well what do you do with it if it's not recyclable?" asked one of our eager tour participants. "We sort it," said the representative. "Theoretically it's all recyclable," she assured us. Uh huh, and theoretically we could live in a bubble a la Biosphere II and recycle everything. In the end when pressed she had to admit that what could not be sold was landfill. That's right garbage.

According to the Ecology Center in Berkeley, No 3 plastic can theoretically be recycled, but it is so toxic to do so that it is considered hazardous to human health. No 7 is an unidentified mix so chances of anyone trying to unmix it is nil, No 6 is styrofoam with limited reuse and No. 4 and 5 have little market value. There is really only a market for No 1 (PETE) and No 2 (HDPE), despite BFI's user friendly, put-it-all-in-the-box recycling guidelines. Recycling is an ideological struggle between making it convenient so consumers will go to the trouble of recycling and actually being able to sell the end product in a market driven economy. The put-it-all-in-the-box philosophy, though, has the effect of absolving the consumer of the sin of trash. We think no more of it. We don't think to look at what we're buying and we don't feel we must pressure manufacturers to use packaging that is actually recyclable.

While tin, glass and aluminum can be reincarnated quite nicely into new bottles and cans, plastic rarely comes back as a new bottle. Most of our plastic containers are made from virgin materials (oil based polymers). Plastic is "downcycled" into carpet, fleece and plastic lumber. And that's the end of the line -after that it's trash. Once upon a time we drank our coke from refillable glass bottles. I still do at home in Thailand. But somehow, in our infinite wisdom, here in the U.S. it is considered a health hazard to sterilize and refill bottles so it can't be done. I find it hard to believe that this was a piece of legislation we the people initiated.

Legislation, however, is how we made it possible to finance BFI's efforts to keep materials out of our landfill. Government money provides the labor to sort our recyclables. (Labor that might otherwise be hard to place due to criminal records.) Our little group of professional organizers watched from on high, through an upstairs observation window, as piles of paper and cardboard came in on trucks, was dumped onto the cement floor and pushed onto the conveyor belt to be sorted by hand. What were the chances of identity theft, I wondered, as I imagined my bank statement and old checks floating around down there. Our guide would not vouch for the security of any sensitive documents. He did say, though, that they would soon be introducing a shredding facility.

"So where does all this paper go", I ask, imagining a paper mill somewhere in the Midwest. Some to Seattle, but most to China. So all of this effort to recycle paper and plastic ends up overseas, not in our own mills, not in our own economy. We buy so much stuff from China, anyway, that rather than take their ships home empty, the Chinese would just as soon fill it up with plastic and fiber which they can use to make more stuff to bring back to sell us. Do you get the feeling that we do nothing here, but consume and make waste?

And what we do buy somehow ends up being even more toxic than what we had before. I was astonished to learn that the little lights in kids' sneakers contain mercury. So do singing greeting cards. How is the average consumer to know that these items become hazardous waste? And even if they do know, people don't always care enough to dispose of hazardous waste properly. After all they didn't create the hazard, they just used it. I worked for a commercial client who refused to pay the $1.00 per bulb disposal fee on fifty fluorescent tubes. I had to watch as she directed our workers to smash them into the dumpster.

In Europe legislation has mandated that manufacturers be held responsible for the waste they create, hazardous or not. This is called product stewardship and is currently a hot topic in our own legislature. If you think manufacturers should shoulder the burden instead of our tax dollars, call your representative and tell them you support product stewardship. Manufacturers, of course, are fighting this tooth and nail.

The good news is that BFI is actually doing the best it can to improve every aspect of our waste stream. The environmentally oriented staff is earnest about putting into practice real solutions and not shipping all our waste problems overseas. Electronic waste (old computers and fax machines, etc) is dismantled locally. If it is actually usable it is sent to a third world country. (We're saturated here; we want to upgrade). A carpet-recycling project has been added. You can bring in your old dirty carpet and it will be made into carpet padding. Mattress collection has just been introduced (to reclaim the wood and metal). And except for computer monitors this disposal is all for free. Styrofoam, too, is picked up locally by a Redwood City company that uses it in packaging. It must be dropped off at the BFI recycle center. Make sure it's clean. Anything that has food on it is garbage.

Our BFI guides were happy to help our small group of organizers figure out ways to educate the public on how to reduce their waste stream. As we watched through the observation window of the transfer station next door, we saw what was still going to landfill. It's called solid municipal waste, not garbage, mind you. Plenty of cardboard, mattresses, furniture and exercise equipment in that pile. There is not enough staff to pull out all that is recyclable and it is considered a hazard to do so. One of my colleagues suggested that we create a publicity opportunity for ourselves by walking the line outside the transfer station on a Saturday and suggesting people re-organize their dump run so that they drop off what's recyclable first, thus saving themselves the dump fee. This would give us the opportunity to introduce our services to assist in this reorganization. It was a stretch, but I could see it would make good P.R.

As part of their Earth Day open house, BFI treated us to lunch, with real plates, silverware and cloth napkins. We had our picture taken next to towers of compressed aluminum cans. They gave us pencils made of old blue jeans. But best of all was the compost. As many bags as we could load into our car. The compost is part of a pilot program in commercial composting. BFI is contracting with restaurants to pick up organic waste for less than the cost of land filling it. I stood in front of a bin filled to overflowing with heads of lettuce and cauliflower. On a table next to it, in a pan, was the resulting compost. It was almost too good to be true. Just this January at a New Year's Day brunch, I had declared to my friends that the most influential trend we would see was the organic food movement, because the demand for compost would change the way we look at our garbage. And here it was, garbage being made into compost, the organic farmers' gold. The program was due to start in August. And it wouldn't stop there; inroads were being made to compost agricultural by-products and even animal manure. This would all bode well for the transformation of our perspective from user of resources to stewardship.

Amanda Kovattana
April 23, 2004

Gardening As A Revolutionary Act

It's all bad news in the world of industrial agribusiness and you knew it was bad. I just have to tell you about strawberries. There's this nerve gas called Methyl Bromide, a category 1 acute toxin. It's used to fumigate the soil where strawberries are grown which is mostly in California. And then it goes to work on the hole in the ozone layer. Methyl Bromide is the largest single contributor to ozone depletion. And if that's not enough to make you pass up non-organic strawberries, there's the pesticide residue factor - highest of any food and includes 30 different kinds of pesticides, at least two of them known carcinogens already banned on 42 different types of fruits and vegetables, but not on berry crops. Why not? Growers fear a drop in yields and that, of course, means less profit - profit to fewer people in charge of larger amounts of our food system. The U.S. has been trying to ban Methyl Bromide for nearly two decades. It was supposed to be gone this year and now Bush has pushed back the deadline again. Can you say campaign contributions?

When I learned these salient facts, I couldn't look at a strawberry without thinking "you toxic, ozone depleting double agent - you were supposed to be good for us". Then I began to feel sorry for them being co-opted like that so I decided to grow them myself. There's nothing like high stakes to make one's gardening efforts worthwhile. Nurseries had just stocked up on six packs of them. I planted a dozen in a tower of three stacking pots. And while I was at it, I potted some up for my mother, too, in her strawberry planter. It was so easy I started to think of a list of people to whom I could spread this strawberry intervention. After all two weeks ago I had never heard of Methyl Bromide, so it was very likely still news to most of my friends.

I never really understood why synthetic fertilizers were a problem either. If it helped plants grow what was the harm in that? That's how it's done with large-scale farming and how else were we to feed the growing population? To really understand what a complete and total disaster this chemical driven food system is, I had to learn more.

Nitrogen in the natural world is made by plants that create nitrogen in the soil, which can then be used, by other plants. Synthetic nitrogen overwhelms the soil with this plant food, creating a population boom in nitrogen feeders. And while these feeders gorge themselves on nitrogen, the organic content of the soil - the humus - is burned up and the soil begins to collapse. This collapsed soil needs more water, which then washes away more nutrients and what's left of the beneficial microbial life clinging to the soil structure. The plant becomes more susceptible to pests and disease and continues to crave even more nitrogen. I've seen enough heroin addict movies to recognize a drug problem and this one is a doozie.

While the reserve of humus was being burned up, the plant responded with tremendous yields. This was the unbelievable high that prompted agribusiness to become the biggest drug pushers in the global hood. According to a U.N. study the party ended in 1984. The U.S. and Mexico could no longer expect increased yields from synthetic fertilizers, while farmers were left with an expensive drug habit to support. Not to mention the cost of pesticides and herbicides and fumigants - think of it as the medical bill for the junkie. Then there's the algae bloom caused by run-off choking off oxygen in large parts of the Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico that was the end of commercial fishing.

Oh yes and the effect of nitrogen on us humans. Once nitrate is in the water supply and is ingested into our body, it combines with our blood, changing the structure and reducing its ability to hold oxygen. So our body breaks down just like the soil. I'm telling you, the earth is a living body and we're not going to get a technological cure any better than nuking cancer cells with radiation. As we pursue healthier eating and exercise in an attempt to stave off disease, it helps to think of the earth as part of our body too.

During this intensive study, I happened to be at a meeting where I met a women who had me on her e-list for news about the Biointensive for Russia project, an offshoot of Ecology Action in Willits where I had taken my workshop in Biointensive farming. She slipped me a flyer for a tour of some very special gardens in Santa Cruz offering alternatives to our chemically driven food system. We went Saturday, a car-full of us.

The first garden was at the home of Permaculture landscape designer Ken Foster. He had just won the Sunset Magazine award for his work with two others on their ecological garden exhibit at the garden show at the Cow Palace. I somehow had in my mind that he owned a palatial garden I would be hard put to replicate so I was quite surprised when we pulled up to a neighborhood of shabby tract homes on modest lots. It was immediately clear which house was his. The one without the lawn. The plot was spilling over with all kinds of plants bordered at the sidewalk with a living fence of espaliered dwarf apple trees. One of the trees sported six different varieties of apples grafted to the trunk. The fence demonstrates a principle of Permaculture - stacking functions - think of multi-use furniture. Here we had food, structural function and beauty all in one plant.

I then spotted the mulch. Mulch is a lifesaver in California, keeping moisture in the soil so you don't have to water as much. I got on all fours to inspect what looked like shredded garden waste. I was bowled over by the potpourri of scents and the visual feast of seeds, herbs and woody bits. Ken explained that he collected this gourmet mulch from a local shop in Santa Cruz that served Chai Tea. And that must be all it serves because they were throwing out a dumpster load every week. Now Ken picks it up and uses it in his landscaping. He would sell it to us for $8 dollars a bag, $10 if delivered, thus fulfilling the internationally recognized Triple Bottom Line business model - ecological stewardship, social equity and economic viability. And cats don't like it, so they won't use your garden to poop in.

The rest of his garden was a wonderland of Permaculture systems I had been studying, including rainwater harvesting, graywater reuse, egg laying chickens, exotic berry trees, worm bins and water fountains all in a space smaller than my own. He warned us that the backyard would be messy. A weed after all was part of the system, bringing up minerals from the soil that other plants can't reach. And there was a wild space in the corner to encourage the plant divas. No humans are allowed in this space. This was a symbolic gesture, Ken explained, of the intention to work with nature. More like this please.

We then traveled up the hill to the campus of my youth, UCSC. Alan Chadwick, a Shakespearian actor turned gardener with his merry band of apprentices had created a garden here. None of my friends ever mentioned this garden. We were too busy being cool and gardens were just not cool unless you could smoke what you were growing or go there on an acid trip. It would be another five years before I took up gardening.

Alan Chadwick was a visionary of the Biodynamic/French intensive school of farming. His vision lives on at the UCSC farm and project garden. All 25 acres of it. It is here that visitors can see organically grown pest free strawberries. And this is not just a hopeful suggestion; this is scientifically gathered information with measured yields and sophisticated techniques of plant husbandry and pest management all grown on a scale large enough to attract the attention of a commercial farmer. Bankers come here to learn how to cash in on the growing organic farm trend. (20-30% every year; see how powerful we consumers can be!) Five star chefs come to learn the origin of foods and to study what produces superb taste in fruits and vegetables. Then there are the apprentices, young and passionate, 40 of them twice a year, living on the farm for 6 months to soak up this goldmine of information.

With our knowledgeable docent, we toured the farm and all its many gardens. The more diversity of plant life you have, the more help you get from nature. Help in the form of predators and pollinators. The irony of commercial farming is that, in its attempt to increase yields with chemicals, it poisoned the natural agents that insure the highest productivity of plants. In 1994 bees had to be trucked in from out-of- state to insure that California almond growers wouldn't lose their $800 million a year crop. And they continue to be trucked in creating a niche market for pollination contractors!

The farm had nesting boxes for barn owls to keep the gophers at bay and bees for pollination as well as plants of all sorts to attract insects and birds. I learned how to stymie the coddling moth that ruin our crop of apples every year. It's done with pheromones. I learned how apple trees can be pruned so close to the ground you can pick apples without a ladder. This saves on workers comp! I learned how you can fumigate the soil naturally by growing mustard. You've heard of mustard gas, same thing. I learned that a moderately big compost pile will disappear a dead gopher in no time at all. When I die I want to be buried in a compost pile. No preservatives added please.

They also have a children's garden camp. This delightful playground of colorful displays, mosaic stepping stones and heirloom chickens teaches children where the ingredients for pizza comes from and then they cook the pizza in a cob oven shaped like a frog. The whole scene made me so happy I wanted to roll on the ground like a pig in hay bedding. It is good to know where your food comes from, comforting to see that it is all a part of the ever-bountiful earth we walk on. If you would like to visit this farm, an invitation has been kindly extended to me to bring my own group.

Amanda Kovattana
April 5th, 2004

Information for this article gleaned from the book Fatal Harvest: The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture.